The lumbar nerve roots emerge from the spine and at this point they are vulnerable to impingement from a disc prolapse, causing inflammation and/or compression of the nerve and the symptoms of sciatica. Sciatic leg pain is not common, affecting 3 to 5% of adults and both sexes equally. Men are more likely to get it in their 40s and women in their 50s, with pain symptoms lasting over six weeks in up to a quarter of cases. Physiotherapists are routinely asked to supervise the management of sciatica.
A "slipped disc" is the result of the outer wall of the disc (the annulus) developing a split through which the central material (nucleus) partly herniates. The prolapse can directly compress the passing nerve root, damaging the nerve through pressure and from the irritant chemicals in the nuclear material. This can alter and obstruct the nerve's normal electrical activity and block the circulation which leads to swelling. While true sciatica is typically caused by disc prolapse the size of the prolapse does not relate the level of suffering experienced.
The lumbar discs are more likely to have prolapses due to the high levels of force they have to endure. When we lift things away from the body, bend over at the waist or perform standing activities the back has to cope with the leverage involved. When stresses are loaded onto the discs the hydraulic mechanism magnifies the forces on the outer walls by three to five times that which the skeleton has to cope with. With time these stresses cause failure of the outer disc material and allow prolapses to occur.
Sciatica usually comes on quickly after an aggravating activity or posture, along with some back pain but this can go off when the leg pain starts. Sciatica is worsened by sneezing, sitting and coughing and is better lying down or standing. The pain is in the buttock and either down the back of the leg or the side and down into the foot. In 5% of cases the affected nerves are the first, second or third lumbar, which give front of thigh pain not beyond the knee. The full picture may sometimes not be present, with individuals describing discrete areas of pain such as the foot only.
The physiotherapist will take the patient's history with particular attention to "red flags" which are indicators of a serious medical reason for the back pain and the patient will not be appropriate for physio. Weight loss, fever, night sweats, age (under 20 or over 55), problems with bladder and bowel control, serious past medical history and night pain will be noted. Any uncertainty means referral to a doctor for investigation. The physio will note any postural abnormalities and the nature, position and activity response of the pain symptoms.
The physiotherapist begins with postural observation of the patient which can show an inability to stand up or a thoracic shift to one side. Spinal movements are performed and the pattern of movement limitation noted, with a full neurological examination of the lower limbs. The physio is looking for deficits in muscle power, reflexes or feeling which are related to the specific nerve root involved. The straight leg raise may be performed to check the stretch reaction of the spinal nerve.
The McKenzie technique works on pain centralisation, the tendency for pain to move towards the back from the legs, suggesting a disc problem, and many physios use this technique. Pain in the front of the thigh and over the knee can be referred from the hip joint, so the physiotherapist will assess the lower limb joints to check the diagnosis. A thorough examination informs the physiotherapist of the likely diagnosis and how they might treat the syndrome, or that the patient needs to be referred to a medical practitioner for a consultation and investigation.
Physiotherapy sciatica treatments include many therapies: manipulation, mobilisation technique, lumbar stability, myo-fascial release, McKenzie method (especially useful in disc prolapse), stabilising exercise, massage and soft tissue techniques, pain killers, education of the patient, advice on the best position to relieve extreme sciatica pain and rest. Sciatica settles as the pressure and inflammation ease but physiotherapists would recommend an ongoing exercise programme to maintain back fitness over the long term. - 16955
A "slipped disc" is the result of the outer wall of the disc (the annulus) developing a split through which the central material (nucleus) partly herniates. The prolapse can directly compress the passing nerve root, damaging the nerve through pressure and from the irritant chemicals in the nuclear material. This can alter and obstruct the nerve's normal electrical activity and block the circulation which leads to swelling. While true sciatica is typically caused by disc prolapse the size of the prolapse does not relate the level of suffering experienced.
The lumbar discs are more likely to have prolapses due to the high levels of force they have to endure. When we lift things away from the body, bend over at the waist or perform standing activities the back has to cope with the leverage involved. When stresses are loaded onto the discs the hydraulic mechanism magnifies the forces on the outer walls by three to five times that which the skeleton has to cope with. With time these stresses cause failure of the outer disc material and allow prolapses to occur.
Sciatica usually comes on quickly after an aggravating activity or posture, along with some back pain but this can go off when the leg pain starts. Sciatica is worsened by sneezing, sitting and coughing and is better lying down or standing. The pain is in the buttock and either down the back of the leg or the side and down into the foot. In 5% of cases the affected nerves are the first, second or third lumbar, which give front of thigh pain not beyond the knee. The full picture may sometimes not be present, with individuals describing discrete areas of pain such as the foot only.
The physiotherapist will take the patient's history with particular attention to "red flags" which are indicators of a serious medical reason for the back pain and the patient will not be appropriate for physio. Weight loss, fever, night sweats, age (under 20 or over 55), problems with bladder and bowel control, serious past medical history and night pain will be noted. Any uncertainty means referral to a doctor for investigation. The physio will note any postural abnormalities and the nature, position and activity response of the pain symptoms.
The physiotherapist begins with postural observation of the patient which can show an inability to stand up or a thoracic shift to one side. Spinal movements are performed and the pattern of movement limitation noted, with a full neurological examination of the lower limbs. The physio is looking for deficits in muscle power, reflexes or feeling which are related to the specific nerve root involved. The straight leg raise may be performed to check the stretch reaction of the spinal nerve.
The McKenzie technique works on pain centralisation, the tendency for pain to move towards the back from the legs, suggesting a disc problem, and many physios use this technique. Pain in the front of the thigh and over the knee can be referred from the hip joint, so the physiotherapist will assess the lower limb joints to check the diagnosis. A thorough examination informs the physiotherapist of the likely diagnosis and how they might treat the syndrome, or that the patient needs to be referred to a medical practitioner for a consultation and investigation.
Physiotherapy sciatica treatments include many therapies: manipulation, mobilisation technique, lumbar stability, myo-fascial release, McKenzie method (especially useful in disc prolapse), stabilising exercise, massage and soft tissue techniques, pain killers, education of the patient, advice on the best position to relieve extreme sciatica pain and rest. Sciatica settles as the pressure and inflammation ease but physiotherapists would recommend an ongoing exercise programme to maintain back fitness over the long term. - 16955
About the Author:
Jonathan Blood Smyth is a Superintendent Physiotherapist at an NHS hospital in the South-West of the UK. He specialises in orthopaedic conditions and looking after joint replacements as well as managing chronic pain. Visit the website he edits if you are looking for physiotherapists in London.
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